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By: X. Sigmor, M.B.A., M.B.B.S., M.H.S.
Associate Professor, University of Kentucky College of Medicine
Most variables have distributions where most of the scores are located near the center of the distribution and the distribution is symmetrical and bell-shaped cholesterol medication bad for you discount ezetimibe 10 mg mastercard. A data distribution that is shaped liked a bell in known as a normal distribution cholesterol test not fasting effects buy ezetimibe 10 mg visa. A distribution can be described in terms of its central tendency; that is, the point in the distribution around which the data are centered. They include: the mean or arithmetic average is the most commonly used measure of central tendency. It is computed by calculating the sum of all the scores of the variable and dividing this sum by the number of participants in the distribution. This occurs when there are one or more extreme scores, known as outliers, at one end of the distribution. The single very extreme income has a disproportionate impact on the mean, resulting in a value that does not well represent the central tendency of the data. The median is the score in the center of the distribution, meaning that 50% of the scores are greater than the median and 50% of the scores are less than the median. The median is used as an alternative measure of central tendency when distributions are not symmetrical. In our case, the median household income ($73,000) is a much better indication of central tendency than is the mean household income ($223,960). A final measure of central tendency, known as the mode, represents the value that occurs most frequently in the distribution. In addition to summarizing the central tendency of a distribution, descriptive statistics convey information about how the scores of the variable are spread around the central tendency. The distribution of family incomes is likely to be nonsymmetrical because some incomes can be very large in comparison to most incomes. In this case the median or the mode is a better indicator of central tendency than is the mean. However, the standard deviation, which is the measure of the approximate average amount scores in a distribution deviate from the mean, is the most commonly used measure of dispersion. Advantages and Disadvantages of Descriptive Research An advantage of descriptive research is that it attempts to capture the complexity of everyday behavior. Case studies provide detailed information about a single person or a small group of people, surveys capture the thoughts or reported behaviors of a large population of people, and observation objectively records the behavior of people or animals as it occurs. Thus, descriptive research is used to provide a relatively complete understanding of what is currently happening. Despite these advantages, descriptive research has a distinct disadvantage in that, although it allows us to get an idea of what is currently happening, it is usually limited to static pictures. Although descriptions of particular experiences may be interesting, they are not always transferable to other individuals in other situations, nor do they tell us exactly why specific behaviors or events occurred. Because there is no comparison group that did not experience the stressful situation, we cannot know what these individuals would be like if they had not had the stressful experience. Correlational Research In contrast to descriptive research, which is designed primarily to provide static pictures, correlational research involves the measurement of two or more relevant variables and an assessment of the relationship among those variables. For instance, the variables of height and weight are correlated because taller people generally weigh more than shorter people. In the same way, study time and memory errors are also correlated, because the more time a person is given to study a list of words, the fewer errors he or she will make. Examples of positive correlations include those between height and weight, education and income, and age and mathematical abilities in children. In each case, people who score higher on one of the variables also score higher on the other variable. In contrast, a negative correlation occurs when values for one variable change in the opposite direction for the other variable. Examples of negative correlations include those between the age of a child and the number of diapers the child uses, and between amount of time studying and the number of errors made on a test.
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The reported long-term abstinence rate of counseling cholesterol in food vs in blood generic ezetimibe 10 mg free shipping, psychotherapy cholesterol medication raise hdl discount ezetimibe 10mg overnight delivery, and/or nicotine replacement (chewing gum, transdermal patches, nasal spray, etc. The addition of antidepressants, such as bupropion (a dopamine reuptake inhibitor), increases success rates to just over 20%. Such drugs are partial nicotine receptor agonists (which serve to blunt withdrawal and craving) and receptor blockers (which prevent nicotine binding, eliminating the positive reinforcement from tobacco use). Hypercholesterolemia Coronary atherosclerosis is a highly prevalent problem in developed societies and less common in other cultures, suggesting that diet, lifestyle, and other environmental factors are important. A strong genetic component also influences the metabolism of lipids, which has an important effect on individual disease. Atheroma, the basic lesion of coronary and other arteriosclerosis, is an erosion of the arterial endothelium capped by a lipid-laden plaque. These plaques may slowly narrow the coronary arterial lumen, leading to intermittent insufficiency of arterial blood flow (creating myocardial 332 Pediatric cardiology ischemia and symptoms of angina). They can also rupture, lead to acute thrombosis and occlusion of the artery, and result in myocardial infarction and/or sudden cardiac death. Atheromas are known to begin in childhood; therefore, prevention of adult cardiovascular disease should also begin in childhood. Heart-diet theory Coronary atherosclerosis is strongly associated with high blood levels of certain lipids. Currently, nonfasting studies are recommended, unless there are additional risk factors or a strong family history. ApoB, ApoA-1) are the proteins that allow transport within the bloodstream of otherwise insoluble lipids when the two combine to form lipoproteins. Apolipoproteins also function with enzymes and receptors in the regulation of lipid metabolism. Many genetic polymorphisms have been described and this may account for some of the wide clinical variations in disease that lipid concentrations alone fail to explain. Screening of blood lipid levels in children has been controversial because of lack of consensus about which children to screen, the age of screening, and the lipid level limits (cut points) at which to consider a patient for further testing or intervention. One approach has been to risk-stratify children for screening (targeted screening); another is to screen all children (universal screening). Controversy also exists concerning the most appropriate intervention to offer when an affected child is identified. The safety and efficacy of dietary restriction of essential fatty acids on growth and central nervous system development are unknown. Recent (2012) guidelines have been criticized for placing increased emphasis on drug therapy in children and adolescents. Also, in general, these and earlier guidelines have proved to be complicated and unwieldy in clinical use, and with low adherence by medical providers and parents. With regard to lipids, these guidelines emphasize: (1) Lower lipid levels in all persons through population-wide education and changes in diet and lifestyle. Specific and detailed recommendations are available from National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (2012) the Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents. See full guidelines and references in National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (2012) the Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents. Concerns have been expressed about the number of blood samples required and the potential for a large number of children to experience "medicalization" of a preventive health issue that will not be manifest for decades. Adults in the upper quartile for lipid concentration are at the highest risk for cardiovascular disease. Most of these adults and their children do not have a specific lipid metabolism disorder.
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Personality predicts behavior better when the behaviors are aggregated or averaged across different situations cholesterol definition and importance buy discount ezetimibe on-line. Projective measures of personality show participants unstructured stimuli cholesterol ratio diabetes order ezetimibe uk, such as inkblots, drawings of social situations, or incomplete sentences, and ask them to freely list what comes to mind as they think about the stimuli. Despite their widespread use, however, the empirical evidence supporting the use of projective tests is mixed. What were the personality characteristics of these people that made them so influential Activities You can complete a self-report measure of personality using a short form of the Five-Factor Personality Test here. You will receive feedback about your personality after you have finished the test. Personalities are characterized in terms of traits, which are relatively enduring characteristics that influence our behavior across many situations. Psychologists have investigated hundreds of traits using the self-report approach. The trait approach to personality was pioneered by early psychologists, including Allport, Cattell, and Eysenck, and their research helped produce the Five-Factor (Big Five) Model of Personality. The Big Five dimensions are openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. The Big Five are cross-culturally valid and accurately predict some behavior, including work place and academic success, relationships, and psychological disorders. A difficulty of the trait approach to personality is that there is often only a low correlation between the traits that a person expresses in one situation and those that he or she expresses in other situations. However, psychologists have also found that personality predicts behavior better when the behaviors are averaged across different situations. Personality traits of humans and animals are determined in large part by their genetic makeup. These studies partition personality variability into the interactions among genetics (known as heritability), shared environment, and nonshared environment. Although these studies find that many personality traits are highly heritable, genetics does not determine everything. In addition to the use of behavioral genetics, our understanding of the role of biology in personality recently has been increased through the use of molecular genetics, the study of which genes are associated with which personality traits in animals and humans. Epigenetic influences are also important in that genes can be expressed through environmental factors. Humanistic theories of personality focus on the underlying motivations that they believed drive personality. Humanists focus on the nature of the self-concept and the development of self-esteem. Abraham Maslow focused on self-actualization as the most advanced motive in his hierarchy of needs, while Carl Rogers focused on how unconditional positive regard helps us reach our full potential. Albert Bandura uses the term reciprocal determinism to explain the complex interactions between individuals, their behavior, and the environment. Objective measures of personality include self-report and informant-rating measures. Additionally, concerns regarding the barnum effect, honeymoon effect, and letter of recommendation effect, are noted. While measures of the Big Five have shown reliability and validity, the Myers-Briggs does not, and therefore, is not a useful measure of personality. Personality is reflected through culture, especially the distinction between individualism and collectivism. Locus of control and attributions for achievement outcomes, Psychological Studies, 31(1), 15-20. Behavioral genetics: An introduction to how genes and environments interact through development to shape differences in mood, personality, and intelligence. Gender differences in personality traits across cultures: Robust and surprising findings. Conscientiousness is the most powerful neurocognitive predictor of school achievement in adolescents. The effect of locus of control and self-esteem on attributions and expectancies after success and failure. Association between novelty seeking and the type 4 dopamine receptor gene in a large Finnish cohort sample.
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