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Tobacco control programs usually pretest antitobacco ads to hone and improve various elements of these paid communications erectile dysfunction treatment prostate cancer discount erectafil 20 mg mastercard, but pretesting is rarely done to guide and improve media advocacy efforts how to treat erectile dysfunction australian doctor buy erectafil 20 mg visa. Years ago, to improve their advocacy efforts, tobacco companies used continuous tracking to study audience responses to particular spokespeople and arguments put forth in news debates. Nelson and colleagues35 pointed out that a large, knowledge-generating research establishment focuses on identifying Future Directions for Media Strategies in Tobacco Control News Coverage and Media Advocacy Despite general acceptance that news coverage can influence public perceptions and shape behaviors, tobacco control researchers have paid only limited attention to news coverage as a potentially important exposure variable related to changing smoking-related attitudes and behaviors in the population (see chapter 9). Although media advocacy efforts are commonly used in tobacco control, studies exploring change in volume and framing of tobacco-related news coverage in relation to those efforts are still uncommon. Research might usefully investigate the news production process to determine the issues and frames (ways of presenting arguments) that engage news 604 Monograph 19. The Role of the Media risk factors, but a very small knowledgeuse research establishment focuses on translating scientific knowledge into policy and practice. Thus, knowledge is lacking on how tobacco control evidence is disseminated and used through various media channels. This issue is particularly important for media advocacy pertaining to complex or potentially confusing issues in tobacco control, such as harm reduction strategies for smoking cessation. News Media Effects on Tobacco Policies and Smoking in the Population Researchers need to better understand the impact of news coverage on the likelihood of change in tobacco control policies and individual smoking behavior. The application of complex statistical methods, such as multilevel analysis, timeseries analysis, and event history analysis, may offer great promise for separating the effects of news coverage from those of other determinants of change in tobacco policy. This diversity offers a potentially rich research environment in which to assess linkages between news coverage and both policy and behavioral outcomes. Furthermore, most studies examined only the volume of news coverage without attention to news coverage about particular tobacco control topics or perspectives. Agenda-setting research and framing studies suggest that some kinds of news coverage may be more influential than others, so future research could examine effects of both the volume and content of news coverage on policy and behavioral change. Studies linking news coverage on tobacco issues to attempts at smoking cessation are sorely needed. No published research is available on the extent to which news coverage about tobacco, favorable or unfavorable, might enhance or undermine effects of paid antitobacco advertising campaigns. It is important to identify best practices for cost-effective paid media campaigns. For jurisdictions with limited funding for tobacco control, such information can be helpful for guiding advocacy efforts to achieve "earned media". For practical reasons, most research involving news media has focused on newspaper coverage of tobacco, but the changing landscape of news and "infotainment" media-encompassing television, radio, the Internet, and short message service or text messaging-also deserves attention as a subject for study. Social inequalities in news media consumption may contribute to observed disparities in smoking behavior (see chapter 2). Local broadcast and cable television news may have broader reach across the community than do newspapers as a source of news and information. However, high levels of media coverage of tobacco issues may attenuate disparities in beliefs about tobacco and health. Media Interventions for Tobacco Control Paid mass media campaigns for tobacco control play an important role in a comprehensive tobacco control strategy. Future Directions Aside from preventing smoking uptake and motivating smoking cessation, such campaigns can be key in directing smokers to smoking cessation services such as quitlines or Web-based cessation programs. Media campaigns can also set the agenda for the passage of stronger tobacco control policies by increasing the knowledge of consumers, opinion leaders, and policymakers about tobacco control issues, including the ways in which smoking can lead to adverse health consequences, the difficulty of quitting smoking, the availability of cessation treatments, and the need for improved environmental supports to maximize the likelihood of long-term abstinence. Environmental supports include higher tobacco taxes, more comprehensive smoke-free policies, and broader restrictions on tobacco marketing. Mass media campaigns should be considered as a key component of any national or state tobacco control program. The research based on paid mass media campaigns provides strong evidence that such campaigns decrease youth smoking uptake and prompt smoking cessation among adults (see chapter 12). Considerably more studies have been concerned with youth smoking rather than adult smoking as an outcome, possibly reflecting greater societal concern with and political palatability for tobacco control efforts directed at youth rather than adults.

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