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This statement requires substantiation: "These programs have been successful in reducing emissions from their products over the last few decades fungus gnats repellent cheap fulvicin 250mg overnight delivery. Weathenzation and duct sealing would affect not only indoor levels produced by combustion appliances fungus jock itch cure order generic fulvicin, but from other sources, too. The underlying reason for the `rule of 1000" is not because of the factors cited, but rather because the rate of ventilation provided to buildings per occupant is about 1000 times less than the amount of windsupplied "ventilation" to an urban area, per inhabitant. Effects of smoking rate, ventilation, and furnishing level on emission factors, Environmental Science 8 Technology, 36,846-853,2002. Exposure-relevant emission factors and indirect exposures from habitual smoking, Atmospheric Environment, 37,5551-5561, 2003. Emission testing and inhalational exposure-based risk assessment for candles having Pb metal wick cores, the Science of the Total Environment 244, 5365, 1999. Endocrine disruptors are listed as pollutants without much evidence that they are found in indoor air. A footnote was previously added that explains that each pollutant may not cause all of the health effects listed in the third column. A good summary of concentrations of endocrine disruptors in indoor air and on house dust is provided by Rude1 et al. The listing of personal care products and cosmetics as a source of formaldehyde is Such use has largely been discontinued. In an unpublished study of products purchased from California retail stores, Akland and Whitaker (2000) found formaldehyde in several fingernail products and a few other personal care products as well. Emissions were not necessarily trivial, and most importantly, personal exposures of the users of the products clearly could be quite high. Comment: the report states, `Low emission product designs or reformulations can accomplished by the manufacturer, with minimal impact on the consumer, often with increased costs. There may also be opportunity for further reductions in building materials and appliances. It seems appropriate to encourage those who live in substandard~ housing to use appropriate wnsumer products to deal with pests and malodors. Response: Data relating indoor air quality to environmental justice issues are scarce. The two citations provided on pesticide and air freshener use are appropriate to include in this section. The Department of Health Services and private organizations participate in asthma intervention programs to educate low-income individuals to improve their environment by reducing asthma triggers. Proper use of cleaning products is undoubtedly part of the educational curriculum. Additionally, those with carcinogenic potential are sometimes elevated above one in a million or one in a hundred thousand risk levels. For example, chloroform is cited as a consequence of laundry and dish washing when neither would be a likely source, absent chlorine bleaching. Instead the use of municipally treated water is the likely cause of ambient chloroform. Response: the release of chloroform from the use of chlorine-containing cleaning agents during wash cycles does indeed occur and the report provides appropriate citations. Prior to discussing this source, the report discusses the release of chloroform from treated domestic water, particularly during showers. Comment: the final report should not indicate that other phthalates are carcinogenic. Three pages in the report are identified where it is implied that phthalates are carcinogenic. We will review the final version of the report for those statements and correct as needed. Because of rounding, this change did not affect the estimate of 230 excess cancers per year used in the main report. Comments provided in June indicate the weight of evidence demonstrates that phthalates neither mimic nor interfere with estrogen and androgen; some, but not all, phthalates have been shown to cause lowered testosterone levels when administered to rodents at very high doses. Response: We will change the wording to reflect this in the final version of the report. The levels are so low, they are a very low priority, consideration should be given to removing phthalates entirely from the report.

Residents worked together to get parts of the neighborhood down-zoned to single-family dwelling when developers began moving in and building multi-family dwellings fungus salad generic fulvicin 250 mg without a prescription. The neighborhood association fungus shroud armor buy fulvicin with mastercard, and the residents, confronted and worked with the City toward solving the problem of blighted residences in the neighborhood. We were active supporters of the Burroughs Creek Trail and the Lawrence Fruit Tree Project. The neighborhood association as a entity and individual residents have been working with the City and with the ownership of the 12th & Haskell Recycling Center toward solutions for the problems of noise and pollution in, and increased heavy truck traffic through, the neighborhood. The newsletters bring these issues to the attention of the residents, and inform them both of meeting times at which to discuss the problem and possible solutions, as well as other neighborhood events which promote cohesion in the area. Success of our efforts to get increasing numbers of residents involved in neighborhood issues and activities will be measured by increasing participation in the meetings and special events, as well as in issues of specific concern to the neighborhood. This should lead to an increasingly cohesive neighborhood that, every year, sees Brook Creek neighborhood becoming a better and better place to live. With the grant, we will continue to produce our three newsletters, which announce the schedule of our general and special meetings and educate the residents about the concerns facing the neighborhood. Required Attachements for Application (one each per application): X List of officers and board members and their principal occupations X Most recent annual report Required Attachments for each Program or Activity (if applicable): City department approval Please note: Your application will become a matter of public record. This grant has consistently enabled us to publish our newsletters (we mail a bi-monthly newsletter to each household in east Lawrence and email a weekly newsletter to over 450 addresses), solicit volunteers for activities, and inform neighbors of the volunteer work completed. In addition to producing the printed and electronic newsletters, this position is the central link that mobilizes the diverse network of volunteer workers who put in hundreds of hours. The coordinator monitors events, informs neighbors of relevant issues, gathers information for considered decision-making, and most importantly is the central point of contact within the community. This past year we conducted and partnered on several very successful intensive neighborhood clean ups including a litter and debris removal along the portion of the Burroughs Creek trail within our neighborhood, unearthing and repairing historical brick sidewalks, and improvements to the grounds at New York Elementary school. According to the most recent census data acquired in 2010, the neighborhood is comprised of 2,039 people, of which 65% are considered to be low to moderate income. The elected board consists of 14 members including the executive officers-President, Vice President, Secretary and Treasurer. Our board members include a cross-section of the residents, renters and property owners, from a variety of backgrounds and employment, including state and university employees, blue collar and service industry workers, small business owners, students, artists and musicians. These board members, together with our coordinator and the general membership (which includes individuals, local businesses, and non-profit organizations) provide their time, labor, materials and out of pocket (when possible) donations to accomplish our tasks. A healthy, functioning neighborhood relies on a diverse set of voices participating in an exchange of information and resources. These, along with our neighbor volunteers, serve as critical tools to achieve our mission. The greatest measure of our success is the continued vitality and stability of East Lawrence. Despite slumlords, development pressures and the threatened closure of our elementary school we press on with our projects. We help low to moderate-income residents remain in the neighborhood, make sure that our children are safe on their walk to school, and are constantly aware of our environs. We mediate and act as liaisons to various city departments including the police, neighborhood resources, the Lawrence Association of Neighborhoods and the various boards and commissions. This newsletter documents our achievements while keeping neighbors aware of resources and community happenings. We email our weekly electronic newsletter (which is nearly 4 years old) to over 450 addresses. The electronic newsletter keeps neighbors up to date on weekly meetings and events, and is a great tool for gathering volunteers. Next year we plan to capitalize on the past success, by taking two of those days and making them "super" cleanup events. Cleanups improve the neighborhood and provide opportunities for neighbors to meet each other.

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The billions spent on these technologies are arguably better spent on other forms of care for the elderly themselves fungus gnats beer order generic fulvicin on line. The key to thinking about this age group problem is the observation that we all age fungus gnats eradication order fulvicin 250mg fast delivery, though we do not change race or sex (Daniels, 1988). Treating people differently at different ages, provided we do so systematically over the lifespan, creates no inequalities across persons. Treating people differently by race or class or gender creates inequalities that are always in need of justification. Indeed, treating ourselves differently at different stages of life can make our lives go better over all ­ we invest in our youth, at some sacrifice of immediate revenues and pleasures, in order to be rewarded more later in life. We take from ourselves in our working years in order to make our later, retired years go better. Prudent allocation over the stages of life should be our guide to fair treatment among age groups (even if prudence is not a general guide to justice). Specifically, we should allocate health care so that it promotes the age-relative fair share of opportunities (or capabilities). Age groups and birth cohorts: two distributive problems Chapter 11: Equity and population health 201 Rationing by age on this view is permissible under some scarcity conditions because it would not be imprudent to so allocate. Since reasonable people disagree about the acceptability of this model and about specific issues, such as age rationing, we will need fair procedures of the sort I noted before to resolve disputes about priority setting among age groups. Properly used, a transfer scheme based on prudential allocation or on some other view of fair outcomes that emerges from fair process would solve the age group problem. A solution to the age group problem must also be compatible with solutions to the birth cohort problem. Imagine that over time different birth cohorts pass through a scheme that solves the age group problem to our satisfaction. New technologies that were not available for the elderly when they were young but will be available over the lifespan of those now young pose a special problem of inter-cohort equity. It is less clear how it can be modified to accommodate persistent population decline. Address how persistent societal aging affects the complex problem of treating cohorts equitably while at the same time not undermining proper solutions to the age group problem. Judged from this ideal perspective, there are indeed many health inequities ­ by race and ethnicity, by class and caste, and by gender ­ around the world. This account is unfortunately silent about important questions of international justice. What do better off societies owe as a matter of justice (not charity), by way of improving the health of the population in less 8 Privatization strategies do not solve the problem ­ they just represent one conclusion about what such equity requires and they do so without allowing us to use a scheme that addresses the age group problem at the same time. In addition, privatization is not even a starter for lifespan health systems they way it is for income support. Suppose countries A and B each do the best they can to distribute the socially controllable factors affecting health fairly, and there are no glaring sub-group inequities. Nevertheless, health outcomes are unequal between A and B because A has many more resources to devote to population health than B. Suppose B fails to protect its population health as best it can, leading again to population health worse than that of A. Recasting the problem as an issue of a human right to health and health care does not improve the situation for two reasons. First, the obligation to secure a right to health for a population falls primarily on each state for its own population. Although international human rights agreements and proclamations also posit international obligations to assist other states in securing human rights, the international obligations cannot become primary in the human right to health and health care. External forces cannot assure population health across national boundaries in the way they might intervene to prevent violation of some other rights, even when they can afford assistance. Second, even when a right to health is secured in different states, health inequalities between them may exist. In addition, because of their unequal resources, different states may achieve unequal health outcomes while still securing a right to health and health care for their populations. Appealing to human rights does not tell us if these inequalities are unjust and remains silent on what obligations better off states have to address these inequalities. Though nearly all people recognize some international humanitarian obligations of individuals and states to assist those facing disease and premature death, wherever they are, there is substantial philosophical disagreement, even among egalitarian liberals, about whether there are also international obligations of justice to reduce these inequalities and to better protect the rights to health of those whose societies fail to protect them as much as they might. Nagel, who affirms these humanitarian obligations, argues that socio-economic justice, which presumably includes the just distribution of health, applies only when people stand in the specific relation to each other that is characterized by a state.

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Create a management system for indoor air quality that establishes and assigns authority and responsibility for assessing indoor health problems fungus gnats on plants discount 250mg fulvicin free shipping, identifying the actions needed to reduce the most significant problems fungus or bacteria order discount fulvicin, and setting guidelines, emissions limits, or other requirements that will be effective in reducing the health impacts of indoor sources. Such a program is needed, and should be fully coordinated with activities of other agencies whose actions affect indoor air. Establishment of such limits would better protect public health, and may reduce (but not eliminate) the amount of ventilation needed under certain circumstances in some buildings, thus saving energy. Require manufacturers to submit building materials, furnishings, combustion appliances, consumer products, and other significant sources for emissions testing by an independent laboratory certified by the state, and to report those results to the state and to the public. Also, require results to be transmitted to the public via product labeling or accompanying materials in language consumers can understand. However, there is currently no requirement for state agencies or others to use these guideline emission specifications, and only limited incentive for them to do so. Currently, only a few laboratories have the chamber facilities and expertise to conduct such emissions tests. However, required testing would prompt other laboratories to obtain appropriate chamber equipment and participate. Develop indoor air quality guidelines for homes, schools, offices, and institutional living quarters. These would largely identify `Best Practices" for the design, construction, operation and maintenance of public, commercial, school, and institutional buildings. In some cases, they might include the identification of healthful levels or "bright lines" for some pollutants to be used as goals for mitigation activities and "best practices", but would not have an associated compliance program. They should also include valid certiication requirements for professionals directly involved in indoor air quality-related occupations; performance measures for buildings and appliances; and others. Full commissioning should be required for all new public, commercial, and institutional residential buildings, to assure that they are constructed and operate as intended, and that they provide acceptable indoor air quality. Amend building codes to address indoor air quality, with a focus on assuring adequate ventilation under all circumstances. They should be vented to the outdoors, such as through direct venting or an automatic (but quiet) exhaust fan that is activated when the appliance is turned on. Similarly, building codes should be established and enforced to prevent mold problems, residential ventilation issues, and others. Fund an outreach and education program focused on professionals, including health professionals, teachers, school facility managers, and others who must be able to identify and remedy indoor air quality problems. Such individuals have many obligations, yet play a key role through their occupation in initial identification, prevention, and mitigation of indoor air quality problems. Most need more in-depth information and training on indoor air quality 174 188 February 2005 Draft Report for Board than they typically have had. Training and technical assistance should be provided for the private sector to develop the skills and services needed for high-quality building commissioning, operation, and mainenance. There are many new chemicals introduced into the product mix each year, yet few have had full health and exposure studies completed. For example, improved low-noise ventilation technologies, improved air monitors and assessment tools, and effective low-noise air cleaners are needed. The feasibility of individual measures, such as emission limits for a specific type of product, cannot be determined without substantial additional information. As discussed in previous sections of this report, alternative products or formulations are already available for some of the indoor sources of current concern. The study was funded to help identify the extent of these problems and to determine whether those problems warranted response by the state and/or schools and school districts. February 2005 Draft Report for Board the study included kindergarten through 12m grade public schools. A large, representative sample of both portable and traditional classrooms was studied throughout the state. The results of this comprehensive study have been condensed into a report to the Legislature, and pmvide important information for state and local decision-makers regarding the degree to which California classrooms provide a safe, healthful, and productive learning environment for children. The report summarizes serious conditions identified in the study that need to be addressed at the State and local levels, and discusses options for improving conditions in both portable and traditional classrooms.

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