This presentation explores the essential functions of the state in ensuring liberty, maintaining public order, and providing basic amenities like education and healthcare. It critiques the License-Permit-Quota Raj’s impact pre-1991 and discusses post-1991 improvements in competition and infrastructure. Yet, it addresses the failure in core functions, the persistence of rural crises, and emphasizes the need for better education, healthcare, and rule of law to promote a fair and equitable society.